Simetrías y conservación: Powerballs, bicicletas y el momento angular
Gracias al teorema de Noether, tenemos una relación bellísima en la Física. De forma sencilla, e imprecisa, el teorema dice que siempre que podamos encontrar una simetría, hay un ley de conservación de una magnitud. ¡Alucinante! ¡Increíble! No se trata sólo de simetrías geométricas. Se trata de que cuando encontremos una transformación en la que haya una invariancia, podremos encontrar una ley de conservación de una magnitud física. Lo repito porque se trata de un teorema precioso, elegante y que supuso una revolución en la forma de hacer física.
En el caso que nos ocupa, tratando una rueda de bicicleta o una PowerBall, como tenemos simetría respecto al giro alrededor de un eje, aparece una ley de conservación del momento angular.
Al hacer girar la rueda de bicicleta, el momento angular se conserva. Que se conserve quiere decir que se mantiene tanto la intensidad como la dirección (el momento angular es un vector). Como el momento angular está relacionado con el eje de giro, si se intenta girar la rueda, aparecerá una tendencia a mantener ese eje de giro. El resultado es que es muy fácil carse en una bicicleta que está parada, y en una bicicleta en movimiento es bastante dificil (aunque se puede, claro, también en un triciclo). De hecho, este mismo efecto se usa para girar con la bici. Si queremos ir hacia la derecha, bsta inclinar la bicicleta, sin girar el manillar. Esto hace que la bicileta tienda a corregir esa variación del momento angular, y se mueve en la dirección deseada. Con las motos es aún más sencillo
En el caso del Powerball, ese efecto se usa para, supuestamente, fortalecer los músculos de la mano y del brazo. Al girar la esfera interna a mucha velocidad (el momento angular depende de la velocidad angular de giro), cualquier intento de cambiar ese momento angular hace que aparezca una resistencia. Y es lo que la gente dice, estúpidamente: "Aumenta el peso de la bola":
[...]
todo el ejercicio que no puedes hacer por estar trabajando (Ideal para el trabajo). Este magnifico aparato puede llegar a alcanzar un peso de 15 kilos.
[...]
Y que tiene de diferente la powerball de las pesas? Pues que la powerball en vez de funcionar con peso, funciona con fuerza centrifuga... Einnn¿? Es decir, que la fuerza de la bola dependerá, de la fuerza que apliques tu al usarla, ya que según la fuerza, el peso puede llegar a alcanzar los 18 kilos...
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